E-ISSN 3026-930X
 
2025, Vol: 3, Issue: 1
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Original Research 


Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria

Muhammad Mustapha Musa, Akeem Gbenga Amuda, Abubakar Saidu Sambo.


Abstract
Black cotton soil (BCS), prevalent in Bauchi, Nigeria, presents significant geotechnical challenges due to its high plasticity and swelling potential. This study investigates the impact of millet husk ash (MHA) and groundnut shell ash (GSA) —agricultural byproducts—as sustainable stabilizers for BCS. Laboratory tests including Atterberg limits, compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) were conducted on untreated and treated soil samples. Results show that a mix of 4% MHA and 6% GSA significantly improves soil strength and reduces plasticity, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional stabilizers. This approach supports sustainable construction and waste management practices in agricultural regions.

Key words: Black cotton soil, soil stabilization, millet husk ash, groundnut shell ash, sustainable construction


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Musa MM, Amuda AG, Sambo AS. Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. NJEAS. 2025; 3(1): 258-268. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425

Web Style

Musa MM, Amuda AG, Sambo AS. Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. https://www.nilejeas.com/?mno=286425 [Access: June 23, 2026]. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Musa MM, Amuda AG, Sambo AS. Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. NJEAS. 2025; 3(1): 258-268. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Musa MM, Amuda AG, Sambo AS. Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. NJEAS. (2025), [cited June 23, 2026]; 3(1): 258-268. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425


Harvard Style

Musa, M. M., Amuda, . A. G. & Sambo, . A. S. (2025) Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. NJEAS, 3 (1), 258-268. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425


Turabian Style

Musa, Muhammad Mustapha, Akeem Gbenga Amuda, and Abubakar Saidu Sambo. 2025. Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 3 (1), 258-268. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425


Chicago Style

Musa, Muhammad Mustapha, Akeem Gbenga Amuda, and Abubakar Saidu Sambo. "Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria." Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 3 (2025), 258-268. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Musa, Muhammad Mustapha, Akeem Gbenga Amuda, and Abubakar Saidu Sambo. "Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria." Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 3.1 (2025), 258-268. Print. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Musa, M. M., Amuda, . A. G. & Sambo, . A. S. (2025) Impact of Millet Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash on Black Cotton Soil – A Case Geotechnical Investigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 3 (1), 258-268. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.286425


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The Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences publishes original peer-reviewed articles on fundamental and applied research and reviews ... Read more.



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Contact Information


1. Prof. Abdulhameed Danjuma Mambo
   Editor-in-Chief
abdulhameed.mambo@nileuniversity.edu.ng
2. Dr. Adekunle Adeleke
    Associate Editor-in-Chief
    adekunle.adeleke@nileuniversity.edu.ng
3. Dr. Ifeyinwa Obianyo
Managing Editor
ifeyinwa.obianyo@nileuniversity.edu.ng